![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() In high-security environments the use of certificates is often combined with the use of hardware security tokens such as smartcards or USB tokens.Ĭombining hardware tokens or smartcards with certificate authentication provides the advantage that the private key of an entity cannot be stolen by malware that collects SSH keys. Stealing a user's private key allows an attacker to impersonate that user, which may lead to serious security breaches. While PKI and certificates offer a strong, scalable, and centrally managed authentication of users and servers, they are still vulnerable to attacks on the private keys of the end-entities. In the context of the ubiquitous SSH protocol this often means the use of certificate authentication. Their security policies require encrypted and strongly authenticated access methods to be used with high-value assets. Government organizations operate under strict information security guidelines. ![]()
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